1. Cardiorenal syndrome in human medicine Introduction Types of cardiorenal syndrome Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 1 CRS) Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 2 CRS) Type 3 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 3 CRS) Type 4 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 4 CRS) Type 5 cardiorenal syndrome type (Type 5 CRS) 2. General considerations on the cardiovascular–renal axis in cats and dogs Introduction Pathophysiology Classification Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to acute heart failure (CVRDAH) Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to chronic heart diseases (CVRDCH) Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to acute kidney injuries (CVRDAK) Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to chronic kidney diseases (CVRDCK) Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to concomitant heart and kidney diseases (CVRDHK)3. Kidney disorders secondary to cardiovascular disease Acute cardiovascular disorders causing acute kidney injury Introduction Aetiology Pathophysiology Pathophysiology of acute heart failure Worsening of renal function Diagnosis Urea and creatinine New markers Clinical management Chronic cardiovascular disorders causing chronic kidney disease Introduction Aetiology Mitral valve degeneration Dilated myocardiopathy Hypertrophic myocardiopathy in cats Pathophysiology Diagnosis Imaging diagnosis Blood pressure measurement Laboratory tests Clinical management4. Cardiovascular disorders secondary to kidney disease Acute kidney injuries contributing to worsening of cardiac function Introduction Aetiology Pathophysiology Direct effects of AKI on the heart Indirect effects of AKI on the heart Diagnosis Imaging diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis Clinical management By stages Conservative treatment Substitutive renal therapy Chronic kidney diseases contributing to worsening of cardiac function Introduction Aetiology Pathophysiology Systemic hypertension Uraemia Electrolyte abnormalities Plasma volume abnormalities Drug poisoning Anaemia Canine leishmaniosis Diagnosis Blood pressure measurement Electrocardiography Imaging diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis Clinical management5. Cardiovascular–renal disorders secondary to systemic diseases Introduction Diagnosis Assessment of loss of cardiac function Assessment of loss of renal function Critical patients: sepsis, SIRS, shock and infectious diseases Endocrine diseases Diabetes mellitus Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism6. Anaesthetic management of patients with cardiovascular–renal axis disorders Introduction Patients with cardiovascular disease affecting the renal system Acute cardiovascular disorders Chronic cardiovascular disorders Patients with kidney diseases affecting the cardiovascular system Anaesthesia in patients with acute kidney injury Anaesthesia in patients with chronic kidney diseaseReferences